Saturday 19 November 2016

The unacceptable face of inspection?

I have been reading a letter sent by Ofsted to Norfolk County Council, regarding a monitoring visit in October 2016, following an earlier finding of ‘inadequate’. I struggled to get to grips with much of the contents of this missive, which may make sense to those in Norfolk, to whom it is addressed, but which largely passed me by. Statements such as “…managers have not been sufficiently strategic in their approach to transforming the way that the authority operates” give me a headache. I have the mental picture of something which looks like a tyre pressure gauge, but measuring units of ‘strategic intent’. Where one would plug it in is anybody’s guess. And I don’t like the idea that a few managers can ‘transform’ services if only they try harder. Transformation is not something that is easy to do. I wonder when was the last time the people from Ofsted ‘transformed’ anything? Come to think of it how many of us have ever transformed anything? Most of us just go to work and do our best. I also didn’t like the frequent references to ‘performance management’ (or more accurately its ‘under-development’) which seems to assume that we might have an understanding of what under-developed performance management looks like. I don’t.

And I don’t expect that many people working for Norfolk Children’s Services will be pleased to read the inspector’s comment that there are difficulties recruiting “high calibre managers and staff”. At the very least that’s dispiriting. If you don’t have the skin of a rhino it is just insulting.

But what really concerns me about this letter is its macho tone. It is peppered with aggressive phrases, including frequent use of the word ‘robust’. By far the worst and creepiest sentences are the following: “Leaders have not been ruthless enough in pursuing improvement at all levels” and “The local authority is not sufficiently ruthless or ambitious in tracking and chasing progress….” Oh dear, I now have the mental image of kicking down doors and shining bright lights in people’s eyes while slapping them around the face. ‘Ruthless’ indeed!


Encouraging macho management should not be a part of Ofsted’s brief. There is absolutely no evidence at all that improvement is brought about by tough guys. On the contrary, acting like a rugby scrum on steroids is likely to be counter-productive at best and at worst destructive. The challenge of improvement in children’s services is not how to take names and kick arse, but how to engage with the people who deliver very complex services to help them try to understand what is causing poor quality and how to remedy it. Putting the frighteners on people who are struggling to do their best is not likely to win many hearts and minds. It is likely to increase the number of unfilled vacancies.

Saturday 12 November 2016

Good News - Clause 29 may be dead

It is very good news that the House of Lords has voted to strike out Clause 29 of the Children and Social Work Bill which many feared would give ministers sweeping powers to exempt some local authorities from their legal obligations to act to protect the rights of children and young people.


Of course, the clause may be re-inserted when the Bill goes back to the Commons, but Lord Ramsbotham’s amendment is a very welcome shot across the bows of what promised to be very bad legislation. The government should now think again – and think very hard.

Clause 29 was under-pinned by what might charitably be described as ‘confused thinking’; but some may prefer to call it double talk, deception and spin. Ministers and civil servants have argued that council children’s services departments are ‘over-regulated’. In order to improve services, the argument goes, it is necessary to free local authorities from regulation so that they can to innovate and so develop better services. Ergo it needs to be possible for regulation (legislation including parts of the Children Act 1989) to be rolled back at the discretion of ministers to allow freedom of action to authorities willing to innovate.

As Isabelle Trowler, the Chief Social Worker for Children (a civil service post), argued in a recent letter [1]:

“If we don’t support this power (Clause 29) we can no longer complain that the system is too bureaucratic and that we are hamstrung by legislation. The title of the clause is ‘power to test a different way of working’. It is about testing, trialling, piloting, and researching other, better ways of delivery support to and protecting children. This is our chance to test different ways of working to do the right thing, and we must seize it.”

We could argue for some time about the extent to which local authorities are “hamstrung” by legislation. My own view is that most of the bureaucracy that hangs, like a dark cloud, over children’s services stems not from legislation but from custom and practice. It consists of ways of working driven by insistent demands for accountability and the pervasive fear that no-one wants to be caught out if things go wrong. It resides in complicated procedures and complex forms and labyrinthine assessment checklists and associated computer systems, which have been designed to meet the needs of managers and inspectors and auditors and central government officials, not practitioners and service users. It resides in a culture of management which insists that decisions are taken by laborious escalation and that resources are controlled centrally and that professional discretion and professional knowledge are not respected and not trusted. It stems from attitudes that it is better to undertake an assessment than to provide a service or that it is better to hold a series of meetings between managers and practitioners, rather than meeting with, and listening to, a child or young person.

In short, I think there are some more obvious culprits than legislation when it comes to deciding what is responsible for causing bureaucracy in children’s services. My view is: don’t blame the Children Act 1989 for bureaucracy, look nearer to home!

The other part of the government’s case for Clause 29 concerns the issue of innovation. ‘Innovation’ is one of those words that sounds like we should all be in favour of it; a word like ‘democracy’, ‘inventive’, ‘humanitarian’, ‘insightful’, ‘homely’, ‘comforting’. But first impressions can be misleading, not least because, as we all know, there can be both good and bad innovations. Atomic and chemical weapons were innovations once, as was sliced white bread, reality TV shows and apartheid. In all probability bad innovations out-number the good many fold.

Not only that but lots of innovations are failures. Recent research by Beth Altringer [2] of the Harvard Business School found innovation projects in global companies across diverse sectors failed between 70% and 90% of the time. That makes innovation an expensive and wasteful process.

I am not entirely against innovation, but it is no simple remedy for services in which there are widely acknowledged quality problems. Indeed, it is completely the wrong approach. Let me explain why.

An absolutely fundamental principle of quality management, stemming from the work of one of the founding fathers of the subject, William Edwards Deming [3], is that there is no point in making fundamental changes to an operation or process to improve quality unless you understand the causes of variation and poor quality in the process. If we want to improve quality, we must improve the system of production and to do that we must understand how the system works and where its failures and shortfalls occur. The kinds of innovations which the Department for Education’s ‘Innovation Programme’ has funded are mostly what might be called interesting, even inventive, ideas which may or may not work [4]. And those who are working to implement them (managers, practitioners, academics) and those that fund them (politicians and civil servants) have not based the designs on a rigorous understanding of what causes poor quality in children’s services; they have just said “It may be better to do it this way, let’s try”. That might be OK if we had lots of time and resources to “let a thousand flowers blossom” [5], but we don’t. Not only that, but blind experimenting on the live system – the services which are actually being delivered to children and young people – is distracting and disorientating for the people who deliver the services - and often also for the people who receive them; the more so if the familiar sign-posts and standards of legislation have been rolled back.

Deming also tells us that the correct approach to higher quality and productivity is to “… improve constantly and forever the system of production and service”. In trying to reform child protection the government should have realised that what is required is not innovation but improvement. Of course an innovation may result in an improvement, but equally it may not. Deming, on the other hand sees the true path to improvement as only being achieved when everybody in the organisation works on a regular daily basis to understand the causes of poor quality and to accomplish a transformation in the way in which things are done. The Japanese manufacturers who took Deming’s philosophy forward in the 1950s instituted a practice of continuous improvement which is called Kaizen [6]. The idea is that rather than large scale discontinuous changes being the route to higher quality and productivity, what counts most are frequent small changes which cumulate to greatly improved manufacturing or service processes. In an organisation committed to Kaizen every worker is expected every day to think not just about her or his job but also how her or his work, and associated processes, can be improved. Doing the job and constantly improving the job are simultaneous activities.

Kaizen is credited with bringing about the phenomenal transformation of Japanese manufacturing which began after the Second World War. I doubt very much that the government’s Innovation Programme will be credited with any lasting improvement to children’s services in England. Much more likely is that some new ways of working will briefly flourish, almost certainly with mixed, or very mixed, or (most likely) no results. Meanwhile serious service failures will continue to occur unabated and in a few years it will all be back at square one, with another government and another minister and another chief social worker coming up with yet another cunning wheeze.

What children and young people, and the people who provide them with services, want and need are not ill-considered innovations. They need services which are continuously improving; services which will always be becoming safer and better as time goes by. Not here today and gone tomorrow flashes in the pan – and certainly not Clause 29.

Notes

[1] A copy of this letter, dated 19th October, has recently been shown to me. It is not clear to whom it is addressed, but it is headed “Dear Colleagues” and I suspect that the recipients were Directors of Children’s Services.
[2] Beth Altringer “A New Model for Innovation in Big Companies” Harvard Business Review November 19, 2013  https://hbr.org/2013/11/a-new-model-for-innovation-in-big-companies
[3] Deming, W. E. (1986). Out of the Crisis. MIT Press.
[4] See the Spring Consortium website for summaries of some of the projects http://springconsortium.com/evaluation-summaries-now-available/
[5] A quotation from a speech by Mao Zedong in Peking in February 1957: "Letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend is the policy for promoting progress in the arts and the sciences and a flourishing socialist culture in our land."

[6] Imai, Masaaki (1986). Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success. New York: Random House.

Saturday 5 November 2016

More against mandatory reporting

I was glad to read in the Guardian that Professor Eileen Munro has made a strong statement against government proposals for mandatory reporting of child abuse and neglect, which could see social workers and other professionals jailed for failing to report maltreatment.

Pointing out that a duty to report already existed, she is reported as saying that the introduction of mandatory reporting backed by threats of criminal sanctions would lower the threshold of reporting, resulting in a higher rate of “false positive” allegations. As a result, resources would have to be diverted to cope with what she described as a possible “deluge” of referrals, compromising children’s safety.

Munro is rightly highly respected in government circles and I hope they listen to her views on this occasion. Mandatory reporting is a bad idea for so many different reasons. The Safer Safeguarding Group, of which I am a member, make a different but equally valid argument against mandatory reporting. We argue that the threat of criminal sanctions will add to the blame culture which already exists in child protection, making professionals and other practitioners more reluctant to discuss their errors and the things that go wrong. That flies in the face of developing a responsive safety culture which is dependent on the willingness of frontline workers to report and discuss service failures. 

Friday 4 November 2016

Parliament not ministers

The proposed new regulator for social work – apparently to be known as ‘Social Work England’ – must be accountable to Parliament, not ministers.

Community Care reports that the government is proposing to make it accountable to ministers. But the government said that it would be “independent” and “independent” means accountable to Parliament. End of story.

Tuesday 1 November 2016

Is the law an ass?

“If the law supposes that," said Mr. Bumble, squeezing his hat emphatically in both hands, "the law is a ass — a idiot.” So wrote Charles Dickens in his novel Oliver Twist. I can’t help feeling that the law relating to mandatory reporting of child abuse and neglect in Louisiana may be in danger of becoming ‘a ass’.

Louisiana's Supreme Court has decided that the state’s law on reporting child abuse and neglect, which mandates health and social workers, teachers, clergy and other professionals to report child maltreatment, does not apply to priests who are informed of child abuse and neglect during a sacramental confession.


It’s not that I think that priests in these circumstances should face punishment if they don’t report abuse – quite the contrary. It is more a question of how very easily a mandatory reporting law becomes a series of illogicalities and arbitrary exclusions and inclusions which are not really about protecting children better.

If priests do not have to report, why shouldn’t psycho-therapists and counsellors also be exempt? It seems that Catholic child abusers are to be granted the right to a confidential hearing denied to those of other religions or none. While at the same time children of Catholics seem to be less likely to be protected as a result of the anomaly in the law. Surely that cannot be right?   


The truth of the matter is that mandatory reporting laws, with their illogical exemptions, are not what is required to ensure that every child who needs help gets it. Far better than threatening to punish some professionals for their perceived failings, while arbitrarily exonerating others, the emphasis should be on helping all professionals to recognise and understand child abuse and neglect and supporting them, no matter what their other responsibilities may be, in doing the right thing and reporting the abuse.